ROSA HYBRIDa is a perennial plant that after cut off head of the stem, lateral buds become free from apical dominance and begin to growth. In each new period of growth, new and young leaves can be formed. The four leaf samples were numbered from apex to base, showing young to mature leaf stages and some biochemical pigment markers changes were studied. The results suggest that during maturation, in addition to morphological differences, some physiological and biochemical markers are change. Data showed age dependent increase in the amount of pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids to reach the stage of leaf maturity to improve the leaf photosynthetic system efficiency. Gradually reducing in content of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids suggest reduction on oxidative damage.

Rose is considered as one of the most popular and important ornamental plants in the world. During the last decade, tissue culture, micropropagation as well as genetic engineering have prevailed in rose production industry. Gene transfer to embryogenic callus, derived from different types of explants is currently one of the most popular methods of improvement of rose cultivars, presented in particular as cut flower with such novel characteristics as blue color. An efficient tissue culture procedure covering high frequency embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration is pre-requisite for every successful genetic engineering program. An efficient method for embryogenic callus induction from growing nodal stem segments on MS medium followed by a selection of appropriate young leaflets is hereby reported. MS medium complemented with 2 mg/L 2, 4-D, and 0.5 mg/L NAA as wekk as medium B5 complemented with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D and 2.5 mg/L NAA plus 0.5mg/L kinetin were used for callus induction. Cali were then subcultured in MS medium with higher levels of hormone (3 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/LNAA) to develop suitable size and shape embryos. This was followed by transferring the calli onto an MS medium complemented with 8 hormonal treatments. MS medium along with 1 mg/L of TDZ resulted in a highest number of embryos. High frequency of shoot development from mature somatic embryo and subsequent plant regeneration were obtained on a medium containing 3 mg/L of BAP. Shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with three various hormonal treatments, and there were no significant differences observed between treatments.

In vitro propagation of plant has played a very important role in rapid multiplication of cultivars with desirable traits and production of healthy and disease-free plants. In the present investigation, the objectives were to optimize the micropropagation of Rose HYBRID ‘Black Baccarat’ cultivar. In proliferation step, the nodal segments (1.5 cm) was cultured on both liquid and solid media (MS, VS and WPM). The results showed that the highest shoot proliferation was obtained on VS medium. The highest amount of multiplication and the growth rate were obtained in the liquid medium. For rooting, three concentrations of VS mineral salts (full-, half-, and quarter-strength) containing NAA (0.5 mM) were tested in semi-solid and liquid media. Root initiation influenced by mineral concentration in the medium. The investigation showed that the highest number of roots was observed in semi-solid 1/4 VS medium. Variation in multiplication and growth rate of explants can be explained on the basis of water potential and mineral availability to the explants in the liquid medium.

The life table parameters of Macrosiphum ROSAe L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on five vermicompost-tea (tea-compost) concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) and control treatment (0%) on ROSA HYBRIDa L. were determined under laboratory conditions. There were significant differences among pre-imaginal period and adult longevity of the aphid on the five teacompost concentrations. The highest mortality occurred at first nymphal instar on all treatments. The life expectancy (ex) of one-day-old adults was estimated to be 30, 35, 37, 40, 42 and 20 days on various tea-compost concentrations and control treatment, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) significantly differed on different treatments, which was the highest on control (29.12±2.21 female offspring) and lowest on 100% of tea-compost concentration (15.47±2.12 female offspring). The highest and lowest values of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were 0.736±0.171 day-1 (on control) and 0.105±0.005 day-1 (on 100% treatment), respectively. The finite rate of increase (λ) varied from 1.101±0.143 day-1 (on 100% treatment) to 1.853±0.001 day-1 (on control). Doubling time ranged from 1.806±0.023 (on control) to 4.587±0.161 days (on 100% treatment). The longest mean generation time (T) of the rose aphid was obtained on 100% treatment. The results showed that the 100% of tea-compost concentration had the highest antibiotic effect on population growth of Macrosiphum ROSAe.

ROSA HYBRID L. is one of the most important ornamental plants that one of the modern methods of micropropagation of ROSA HYBRID Cv. Maurossia is tissue culture. In this research, after optimizing of sterilization of explants with sodium hypochlorite, MS culture medium with various concentrations of BA was used for the establishment. The highest growth rate was observed in 0. 2 mg l-1 BA. Then, explants were transferred to MS medium with different concentrations of BA, NAA and IAA. The results showed the optimal branch regenerated was obtained at 2 mg l-1 BA and 0. 5 mg l-1 IAA. In indirect organogenesis, the part of the leaf with the petioles was used and the optimum percentage was observed in 2 mg l-1 BA with 1 mgl-1 NAA. Then, explants transferred to the rooting induction medium of MS and MS/2 with IBA and Phloroglucinol. The most rooting induction was observed in MS/2 medium with 1 mg l-1 BA and 0. 2 mg l-1 Phl (Phloroglusinol). Also, due to the importance of the morphology of the ROSAcea family, the anatomical studies of the vegetative organs were compared in two samples of in vivo and in vitro plants and the results showed that the general structures in both samples are similar.

Application of nitrogen sources in nutrient solution of soilless culture systems is one of the important factors in rose production. In order to investigate the effects of different ratios of nitrogen (N) source in nutrient solution on mineral concentration and vase life of rose (ROSA HYBRID L. cv Dolcvita), an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in a commercial greenhouse in Yasouj city with seven ratios of NO3-: NH+4: Urea (0: 100: 0, 50: 50: 0, 0: 0: 100, 50: 0: 50, 50: 25: 25, 70: 15: 15 and 100: 0: 0), three replications, and two observations per replication. Results showed that by increasing ammonium and urea in nutrient solution, concentration of macro elements such as N, P, K and Ca deceases sharply. The lowest Ca concentration was observed in plants fed with 0: 100: 0 NO3-: NH+4: Urea ratio. Higher ratios of nitrate in nutrient solution increased the amount of N, P, K and Ca. The amount of micro elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) showed a sharp decline by increasing ammonium and urea in nutrient solution. However, with an increase in nitrate concentration of nutrient solution, the concentration of micro elements increased. When the amount of urea increased in nutrition solution, vase life was reduced. The lowest vase life (11.1 days) was observed in plants fed with nutrient solution containing 0: 0: 100 NO3-: NH+4: Urea ratio. The highest vase life (17.6 days) was obtained in the solution containing 50: 25: 25 NO3: NH4+: Urea ratio. In general, application of 70: 15: 15 or 50: 25: 25 NO3-: NH+4: Urea ratio for improvement of quantity and quality of rose flower, cv. Dolcvita, is recommended in soilless culture system.

Identification of genetic diversity and classification of genetic resources (germplasm) are of important and essential activities in breeding and management of plant genetic resources. In order to study the genetic diversity of rose, twenty genotypes were analyzed using six Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP) and 20 RAPD markers. Matrix genetic distance ranged from 0.04 to 0.77 in CDDP and from 0.05 to 0.79 in RAPD marker analysis. The level of polymorphism generated by CDDP markers (100%) was similar to RAPD marker. Cluster analysis for CDDP and RAPD markers revealed that genotypes were grouped in three clusters. The current study showed CDDP marker very well differentiated rose genotypes from each other. This is the first report of using targeted DNA region molecular marker (CDDP) for genetic diversity analysis in rose in comparison with RAPD markers. We introduce CDDP as a new molecular markers system for evaluating Rose germplasm.